Polymers are organic molecules with many exceptional properties, including high mechanical strength, flexibility, chemical stability, and vast surface areas.
The synthesis of different metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) by eco-friendly methods is a promising alternative to conventional chemical methods. Also, the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam will reduce the water flow into the Nile River. Siwa Oasis has recently suffered from salinization resulting from seawater intrusion, and Many places in Egypt need desalination, such as Marsa Matruh, Al-Nagila, Barani, Salloum, Al-Dabaa, Madinaty, Central Sinai, Al-Fishah, Al-Arish, Rafah, Burj Al-Arab, Al-Nubaria and many other places. According to climate change forecasts, the Middle East will see a 5–25% decline in annual precipitation, as well as an increase in sea level rise, and thus the hydraulic effect of groundwater will lead to increased seawater intrusion in many coastal aquifers. In Egypt, surface water is the primary source of municipal and industrial activity, while groundwater and rainwater play a minor role in water resources. It is expected to reach 120 million by 2030. Egypt’s population expansion is one of the most serious dangers to the country’s agricultural and industrial future, as well as its water self-sufficiency. Egypt’s rising water demand is primarily due to rapid population development, water pollution, and limited freshwater sources (Nile River, rains, underground wells, lakes, and streams). Water scarcity complicates the life cycle and jeopardizes the world’s population. In 2015, the human water share in Egypt was 616 m 3/capita/year, which gradually decline to 392 and 342 m 3 in 20, respectively, and according to the United Nations, this is less than the water-poverty threshold of 1000 m 3/year. Due to water scarcity, Egypt will be one of the world’s most dangerous countries in the next ten years. Water scarcity is caused by excessive water use in many parts of the world, and more than two billion people are expected to suffer from it.
It can be concluded that the prepared CA-loaded anatase membranes have high mechanical properties that are safe, economical, available, and can stop membrane biofouling. The results showed that the salt rejection of the CA/anatase films as-prepared varies considerably with the addition of nanomaterial, rising from 46%:92% with the prepared membranes under the 10-bar operation condition and 5 g/L NaCl input concentration. Also, CA-loaded anatase membranes displayed a significant antibacterial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Furthermore, anatase loading improved the CA membrane’s mechanical properties and decreased its swelling and porosity rate.
The analysis confirmed the formation of anatase on the surface and inside the macro-voids of the membrane. The prepared membranes were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM & EDX), mechanical properties, swelling ratio, porosity determination, and ion release. Different concentrations of anatase (0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8)% were loaded onto CA during the inversion phase preparation of the membranes. Anatase was prepared from tetra-iso-propylorthotitanate and carboxymethyl cellulose. It was designed from cellulose acetate (CA) loaded anatase. This study aimed to prepare antifouling and highly mechanical strengthening membranes for brackish and underground water desalination.
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